An aristocratic woman or one from a family of musicians would likely play the harpsichord and/or the viola da gamba. The lute is another possibility, though that would be somewhat old-fashioned and would take a greater degree of skill to play at all well. Working class families were unlikely to be able to afford any of the above instruments, but the violin (fiddle) was certainly common for dance music. Few women of any class would play wind instruments which were considered unsuitable for girls. The big name in French music of the period was Jean-Baptiste Lully, who had a virtual monopoly over public performances in Paris. His operas would certainly be a subject of discussion among the upper classes. Other composers of the period include Louis Couperin, Jacques Champion de Chambonnieres, and henri D'Anglebert. You might want to have a look at the film Tous les Matins du Monde, which is set slightly later but will give you an excellent felling for the music of the period.